Introduction When the word “dementia” becomes attached to a family member or friend, an overwhelming sense of devastation often follows. Although there are various types of dementia, the general process and progression share many similarities. Dementia is an irreversible neurodegenerative brain syndrome that affects memory, thinking, comprehension, and other cognitive functions (Pergolizzi et al., 2019). The clinical nature of this form of neurocognitive decline creates signi

Extracurricular Activities and Mental Health in Children Positive mental health in children is fundamental in helping children to function well at home, in schools, in peer relationships and in society 2 . Extracurricular activities have been found to improve children's mental health by providing links to peers and community as well as fostering feelings of acceptance and belonging 1 . Definition of Extracurricular Activities Extracurricular activities are defined as activiti

Image obtained from https://angio.org/about-angiogenesis/ Think of a tumor as a fast-growing city. To sustain a rising population, it needs new roads to bring in essential supplies. These roads take the form of blood vessels, transporting oxygen and nutrients to feed the growing tumor. Tumors have the ability to construct these roads or vessels at a very fast rate, but what if we could halt construction by cutting off supply from the outside? Instead of attacking the city

By: Nesredin Hassen Yesuf LinkedIn | Email Introduction Headaches remain a leading neurological complaint in everyday practice, with migraine and tension-type variants dominating the landscape. Most of us associate stress with headache onset, but for a notable subset of patients the opposite holds true. They breeze through intense workweeks only to be struck down on Saturday morning or the first day of a long-awaited holiday. Clinicians have labeled this the “let-down” headac

By: Nesredin Hassen Yesuf LinkedIn | Email Introduction Sighing is something we all do. Often, we do not think about it. It is a deep breath in and a long breath out. We usually sigh when we feel relieved, frustrated, or tired. Sighing also helps keep our lungs working properly. Even though we sigh all the time, scientists are still learning exactly how important it is. Sighing connects how our lungs work to how we feel. Understanding sighing helps us see how the body keeps t

A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone that develops over time due to repeated stress rather than a single injury. It occurs when bones are exposed to ongoing physical strain without enough time to rest and repair. Stress fractures account for about 20 percent of sports-related injuries and are especially common in people who participate in high-impact or repetitive activities such as running, dancing, and military training. Female runners are at particularly high risk.

What is Hypothermia and How is it Treated? Hypothermia occurs when the body’s temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to impaired bodily functioning. This is the result of the body losing heat faster than it can be produced, typically observed when someone is in extreme cold conditions, wet for prolonged periods of time, etc. Mild hypothermia is characterized by shivering, fatigue, increased respirations, and more. Moderate hypothermia is more severe and can le

Introduction Precision medicine is often associated with cancer care. Advances in tumor sequencing, targeted therapies, and biomarker-guided clinical trials have positioned oncology as the flagship application of this approach, shaping public perception to equate precision medicine exclusively with cancer treatment. However, what if these advancements extend beyond oncology? At its core, precision medicine is about understanding variability in genetics, environment, and lifes

Systemic Sclerosis Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rheumatological disorder involving fibrosis of the connective tissue impacting 30-120 individuals per million. Although SSc is a rare disease, patients experience high morbidity and mortality due to fibrosis and vasculopathy that drive disease pathogenesis Fibrosis is excessive deposition of collagen at sites of inflammation. Normally, deposition of extracellular proteins, such as collagen, are criti

Written by: Olivia Orr, BSN, RN If you live with migraine, it helps to understand how hormonal changes across the lifespan can influence symptoms and frequency. Migraine is linked to fluctuations in estrogen, particularly when estrogen drops. This relationship may explain why women are about three times more likely than men to experience migraine. Many women notice that migraine episodes become more frequent, less predictable, or simply different in their 40s and early 50s. P

Feeling constantly exhausted, lightheaded, or short of breath, even after a full night’s sleep, is something many women brush off as “just stress.” But for millions of women, the real cause may be iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, and women of reproductive age are at especially high risk. Yet it often goes undiagnosed because its symptoms can be subtle or mistaken for everyday fatigue. Here’s what you need to know a

"Why am I still tired after 8 hours of sleep?" The short answer is that sleep duration doesn’t necessarily correspond with sleep quality. Keep on reading to understand the factors behind sleep that are much more complicated than at first glance, although keep in mind that this isn’t a comprehensive list. Importance of sleep Many important processes occur during sleep. A primary function of sleep is the consolidation of learning and memory; essentially, giving the brain time t

Figure 1. Clinical assessment of tibial torsion in a child: (A) prone examination with the knees flexed to 90°; (B) measurement of the thigh–foot angle (TFA); (C) assessment of the external transmalleolar (tibial) torsion angle (ETT). Rotational deformities are common childhood differences in the way the legs and feet point while standing, walking, or running. Parents often notice intoeing (“pigeon toes”) or out-toeing (feet pointing outward). In most children these patter

Photo by Daniel Dan on Unsplash In many medical conditions, biological markers, also known as biomarkers, are commonly used to describe quantifiable biological indicators that can be measured reproducibly and objectively. It comprises a wide range of objective indicators, including molecules, genes, or physical traits that can objectively represent normal biological processes or responses to therapy. Defining a Biomarker For an indicator to be used as a biomarker, its perfor

Introduction In the early 2010s, CRISPR transformed genetic research and quickly became a dominant tool in life sciences. As research progressed, newer techniques emerged to address some of its limitations. Two major developments, base editing and prime editing, were pioneered in the lab of David Liu. These approaches aim to make gene editing more precise while avoiding some of the challenges associated with traditional CRISPR methods. Base Editing First described in 2016, ba

Picture two mid-life women fanning themselves in a waiting room. One leaves her appointment armed with coping tips and a prescription for hormone replacement therapy; the other is met with a shrug and opts to just ride it out. Can you guess what was different about these two women? For something half the population experiences, menopause remains surprisingly misunderstood. And for women from marginalized racial and ethnic groups, it can be both misunderstood and undertreated.

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS), formally known as gluteal tendinopathy, is a common condition involving the muscles, tendons and other anatomical structures surrounding the hip. GTPS occurs in 1/300 people annually, affecting mainly middle-aged women or athletic individuals. It is characterised as pain over the greater trochanteric area, situated on the outer area of the hip, which is exacerbated by prolonged sitting, climbing stairs, high-impact activity or lying

In the 1970s, controlling an artificial limb with thoughts was pure science fiction. Shows like The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman inspired dreams of superhuman bionics, but even visionary scientists saw such technology as centuries away. Today, that fantasy is becoming clinical reality—transforming lives for people with limb loss. From Fiction to Function For decades, the main hurdle for intuitive prosthetics was the nervous system, not mechanics. The brain

Introduction Behavioral health providers face a unique operational challenge: the clinical demands of ABA therapy are complex enough on their own, but they sit alongside billing cycles, authorization management, staff coordination, and compliance requirements that never slow down. When those functions are handled by disconnected tools — or by manual processes that have simply outgrown the practice — the cost shows up in claim denials, documentation backlogs, and clinical staf

By Kat Pachas, BSN, RN It’s 3 p.m., and you’re at your desk, fighting to stay awake as the afternoon slump hits. You ask yourself, “ Why am I always so tired ?” You’re not alone in this. Many people deal with ongoing fatigue and low energy. One possible reason is mitochondrial dysfunction (Filler et al., 2014). Mitochondria make most of the energy your body needs, so if they aren’t working well, your cells can’t produce enough energy, even if you get plenty of sleep (NCBI Bo