Dhanvin Raj Puppala

Figure 1:Progression of liver cirrhosis from a healthy liver to chronic hepatic injury and advanced cirrhosis. Chronic inflammatory insults such as viral hepatitis, alcohol misuse, and fatty liver disease lead to repeated hepatocyte injury, fibrosis, distortion of hepatic architecture, reduced hepatic blood flow, and impaired liver function. Image adapted from Swiss Medica Introduction Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver injury characterized by diffuse fibrosis, regenerative...

Figure 1. Schematic overview of radiogenomics applications, showing data acquisition from imaging and genomic sources, integration through radiogenomic analysis, and translation into biomarker-guided personalised treatment. Reproduced from Ong et al.¹ Introduction HER2-positive breast cancer is defined by increased HER2 protein expression and/or ERBB2 gene amplification, and HER2 testing is clinically important because it identifies patients who may benefit from HER2-directed therapy.¹‚² The...

Finger-prick blood glucose testing using a glucometer provides a real-time “snapshot” of blood sugar levels, helping individuals with diabetes monitor and adjust their management in response to immediate changes (Diabetes Ireland). Introduction Diabetes mellitus is characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Accurate assessment of glycaemic status is central to preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications. Monitoring...