Image credit: Freepik What is fibromyalgia? Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder of the central nervous system. It affects about 2-8% of the global population and appears to be more common in women than men. Fibromyalgia is often misunderstood as a psychosomatic condition with an inexplicable pathology within the medical community. Patients with fibromyalgia experience the following symptoms: Muscle stiffness Joint stiffness Insomnia Fatigue Anxiety and depression Cognitiv

Image acquired from mdbonedocs.com Physical therapy is an essential branch of healthcare dedicated to improving a patient’s quality of life by restoring mobility, managing pain, and preventing further physical injury. According to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) , physical therapy is not merely a reactive treatment for injuries but more of a proactive solution for "prevention, wellness, fitness, and health promotion" across the entire lifespan (APTA, 2026). B

by Catherina Pascale Abstract Arthritis represents a broad category of chronic disorders affecting joints and surrounding connective tissues. These conditions are characterized by pain, inflammation, stiffness, and progressive functional impairment. In the United States, millions of individuals live with some form of arthritis, making it one of the most prevalent causes of long-term disability. This article places emphasis on understanding arthritis as both a musculoskeletal

Systemic Sclerosis Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rheumatological disorder involving fibrosis of the connective tissue impacting 30-120 individuals per million. Although SSc is a rare disease, patients experience high morbidity and mortality due to fibrosis and vasculopathy that drive disease pathogenesis Fibrosis is excessive deposition of collagen at sites of inflammation. Normally, deposition of extracellular proteins, such as collagen, are criti

Cortisone injections are widely used in orthopedics to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain associated with arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions. These injections deliver synthetic steroid medication directly into joints, tendons, or soft tissues to suppress the immune response that drives inflammation and pain. While commonly referred to as “cortisone shots,” the injections typically contain corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone or triamcinolone combined wit

INTRODUCTION Well, gout is not really the disease of kings, at least not anymore. These days people of all classes are susceptible to the ravages of this painful malady. The purpose of this article is to review the disease from its history, its cause, symptoms and treatment. The word gout comes from the Latin Term gutta which means ‘drop’ as it was thought that diseased material was deposited or ‘dropped’ in the joints. It was likely the best observation that could be made

By Sarah Bersey BSc (Hons) Pg Dip Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-communicable, chronic, and progressive disease characterized by symptoms that stem from degenerative changes in the joint (see below) (Ferreira et al 2024). https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/seo-graphic-content-initiative/eh-how-osteoarthritis-affects-the-body-seo-graphics.png?w=1110 Pharmacological treatments include topical and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, capsai

By Nikki Elmi By Nikki Elmi Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of rare inherited connective tissue disorders that affect the body’s ability to produce or process collagen, an essential protein that provides strength and elasticity to skin, ligaments, blood vessels, and organs. First described by dermatologists Edvard Ehlers and Henri-Alexandre Danlos in the early 1900s, EDS has since been classified into 13 distinct subtypes based on genetic, biochemical, and clinical fe

Frozen shoulder is a condition characterized by shoulder pain and limited movement, often affecting women during perimenopause. The condition is linked to hormonal changes, particularly the decrease in estrogen, which plays a crucial role in musculoskeletal health. While frozen shoulder typically resolves within 3-4 years, treatments like physical therapy, pain medication, and surgery can help manage symptoms and improve mobility.

What is Axial Spondyloarthritis? Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints (the joints connecting the lower spine to the pelvis). Unlike typical mechanical back pain, axSpA is driven by immune system dysfunction and inflammation, which can lead to stiffness, chronic pain, and even spinal fusion in severe cases. The condition often starts in early adulthood, typically before age 45, and affects both

By Sarah Bersey BSc (hons) Pg Dip. Osteoarthritis normally affects older people. In the UK, it is the fastest growing cause of disability. Obesity is a major risk factor, although osteoarthritis may run in families or can develop as a result of injury. (BDA 2025). The effects experienced by sufferers can be seen below: https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/seo-graphic-content-initiative/eh-how-osteoarthritis-affects-the-body-seo-graphics.png?w=1110 It’s a disease wh

Figure 1. Types of bone and soft tissue sarcomas arising in various areas of the human body. Diagram from MedStar Health (2025). We...

Arthritis is something only grandparents get, right? Wrong. Kids get arthritis, too! Overview of Juvenile Arthritis Arthritis is a...

image by freepik What is Polymyalgia Rheumatica? Polymyalgia Rheumatica is an autoimmune condition characterized by severe muscle...

Winter is a time of viral infections , such as COVID, which "celebrates" its fifth anniversary in 2025 since the pandemic began in 2020....

Have you ever woken up feeling stiff and achy from sleeping in a different position? Or you just feel like you cannot get rid of joint...

Introduction Around 5-8% of the global population suffers from autoimmune disease. A wide array of symptoms can debilitate millions for...

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly...

Gout is a prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the body. While it primarily affects...

Introduction Imagine waking up every day unsure of if your body will betray you. An unexplained rash, fever, or intense pain can manifest...