Abstract Current insights and trends in early-onset Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes (T2D), once considered a disease of older adults, is increasingly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. This trend poses significant clinical and public health challenges, including early onset complications, psychosocial impacts, and health system strain. This article explores the drivers behind the rise of early-onset T2D, current management challenges, and the need for innovative preve

Understanding Peanut Allergy and the Role of Palforzia   Peanut allergy affects 1-2% of people in the United States, making it one of the most common food allergies (1). This happens when the immune system mistakes proteins in peanuts for harmful substances. When this occurs, the body releases chemicals that trigger allergic reactions, which can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis (2).   Peanuts are legumes, not tree nuts, and are related to soybeans, pea

Chronic renal failure is a disease where one's kidneys are no longer functioning optimally. This condition happens in stages as the functionality of the kidneys drops and decreases over time. Chronic renal failure is also referred to as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic kidney failure. What do kidneys do? Our bodies naturally have two kidneys, one on the left and one on the right side in our upper abdomen. They have a bean-shaped form. Kidneys are located towards the ba

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which affects the structure of neurons. While there is no known exact cause for multiple sclerosis, there are treatments available to change the course of the disease.

Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States has a heart attack or stroke. Yet the most remarkable fact about heart disease is this: more than 80% of premature heart disease and strokes are preventable. Despite this, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming more lives each year than all cancers combined. Why is there such a gap between what we know and what we do? The answer lies in how our healthcare system, and often individuals themse

By: Jessica Chhoy Kidneys: Your kidneys are a crucial organ as they work to filter blood and remove waste from your body. Without properly functioning kidneys, it can lead to us feeling sick and unwell. This is when kidney failure can arise. Kidney failure is when one or both of the kidneys cannot function on their own. Most people have 2 kidneys, but they can live with 1 kidney if it functions perfectly well. Kidney Failure Symptoms: Fatigue Nausea Confusion Swelling (edema)

Introduction In the fields of medical research and drug development, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have long been regarded as the most robust method for evaluating drug efficacy and safety. However, RCTs often have limitations: they are typically conducted under strictly controlled conditions with relatively homogeneous study populations, which do not fully align with the complex and diverse patient scenarios encountered in the real world. Therefore, relying solely on R

Gestational hypertension is characterized by blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mmHg. It increases risks for both the baby and the mother, such as preterm birth, organ damage, and placental abruption. The diagnosis is made when symptoms such as headaches, swelling, and vision changes are accompanied by blood pressure readings consistently at 140/90 mmHg or higher. Gestational hypertension affects 8-10% of all pregnancies. Studies show that hypertension disorders c

By Sarah Bersey BSc (hons) Pg Dip. Osteoarthritis  normally affects older people. In the UK, it is the fastest growing cause of disability. Obesity is a major risk factor, although osteoarthritis may run in families or can develop as a result of injury. (BDA 2025).  The effects experienced by sufferers can be seen below: https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/seo-graphic-content-initiative/eh-how-osteoarthritis-affects-the-body-seo-graphics.png?w=1110   It’s a  disease  wh

I first heard about PANDAS when I was around ten years old, and to be honest it sounded unreal. The idea that harmless strep throat could spark lasting changes in a child’s behavior felt more like fiction than fact. Yet, for many families, PANDAS is a life-changing reality. What Exactly Is PANDAS? PANDAS stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections.  It’s a subset of a broader condition known as PANS ( Pediatric Acute-on

We all know sleep is important. However, lately, science is proving just how crucial it is, and not just for our physical health but for our mental wellbeing too. Sleep isn't just about resting, it’s when your brain does some serious work behind the scenes. If you're not getting enough sleep, your mind can really start to feel the effects. What happens while you sleep? When we sleep, our brain goes through different stages, with two major phases: REM sleep (where we dream) an

What is Type 1 Diabetes? Type 1 Diabetes is a type of autoimmune disease that is chronic (life-long) and prevents insulin production in the pancreas. Type 1 Diabetes was previously referred to as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.  Insulin is a critical hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Under normal conditions, the body digests the ingested carbohydrates into simple sugars, primarily glucose, which is the body’s most important

The Hidden Risk in Childhood Allergies Severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis, can become fatal within minutes. In the United States, deaths among young children are rare, but when they occur, they highlight preventable gaps in recognition, treatment, and equitable access to care. How Common Are Fatal Allergic Reactions? National data from 1999–2010 recorded 2,458 anaphylaxis-related deaths across all ages. Most involved medications in older adults, but fatal food re

The psychological issues among children and adolescents are getting progressively worse.  Up to 20% of children and adolescents worldwide are struggling with mental illnesses, but most of them never get the help they need.  The disparity is exacerbated by stigma, a lack of child psychiatrists, and restricted access to care, particularly in low- and middle-income nations.    With its ability to provide early detection, digital interventions, and individualized care, artificial

Introduction In medical research and healthcare decision-making, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have traditionally been regarded as the “gold standard.” However, RCTs often face limitations such as restricted sample populations, short follow-up periods, and high costs. These constraints limit the generalizability of their findings to real-world clinical settings. Real-World Evidence (RWE) has emerged in response to these challenges. RWE is scientific evidence generated f

From Clinical Trials to the Real World Data collection has always been an indispensable part of the drug development process. Traditionally, after a drug is approved for market release, structured data collection from real-world settings has primarily focused on pharmacovigilance for safety monitoring. However, in recent years, both the academic community and regulatory agencies have increasingly recognized that relying solely on clinical trial data is insufficient to compreh

By: Nesredin Hassen Yesuf LinkedIn  | Email Introduction Hypertension, often described as the “silent killer,” remains one of the most important global health challenges of the 21st century. Affecting more than 1.28 billion adults worldwide, hypertension is both a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and a critical driver of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1,2]. The relationship between blood pressure and renal health is bidirectional: uncontrolled hypertension damages the k

Photo courtesy of Unsplash It takes a lot of coordination to stand upright. Your alarm clock rings and awakens you from sleep. You stretch your arms and legs, kick off the bedcovers and sit up onto the side of your bed. You stretch your limbs again, rub your eyes, then get up and walk out of your bedroom down the hall to the bathroom. You proceed to urinate, wash your hands and face, then wander to the kitchen to make a pot of coffee. Every single movement you just made from

OVERVIEW     When we think of hair loss, we naturally associate it with men.  However, hair loss affects up to one-third of women as well.   More so than men, women are more likely to experience thinning rather than hair loss.  There are many underlying causes of hair loss and thinning, so let’s discuss them. TYPES OF HAIR LOSS First, let us address the different kinds of hair loss.  Some types of hair loss or thinning are permanent, and some are temporary. Androgenic alopeci

Whenever we hear the word genetic , the first thing that comes to mind is that the whole family would be affected or that it would definitely be passed down. This can create confusion or mayhem. But in reality, this is not true in most cases. The terms mutation  and genetic variant  are often used interchangeably. In this article, we mostly use variant , while some of the visuals may refer to mutation , they mean the same thing in this context. What Are Genetic Variants? Gene