Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)  is a rare condition characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. The increased blood pressure can cause blood to back up in the right side of the heart. The right ventricle stretches like a water balloon, crowding out the left ventricle, making that smaller and less effective at pumping blood. A backup of blood

https://gastrofl.com/the-colonoscopy-process-and-procedure-a-detailed-overview/ Colonoscopy A colonoscopy is a procedure performed in a hospital or an ambulatory care facility. The doctor inserts a lighted scope (colonoscope) into the rectum. The colonoscope also inflates air into the colon so that the doctor can visualize the entire colon as he advances the scope. If anything such as a polyp is seen, the doctor will remove it and send it to pathology. Who Needs a Colonoscopy

Diagram showing the structural changes between healthy skin and skin burdened with eczema. Image courtesy of Eczema Relief - Spray-on Emollient for Eczema | Emollin® — Emollin Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a common inflammatory skin condition affecting people of all ages, characterised by red, inflamed, dry, itchy and broken skin, with many people experiencing persistent flare ups that make it difficult to manage. Unfortunately, this condition is complex and is influenced

Most people hit the gym to build muscle or lose some weight, but research shows the brain may be one of the biggest winners when we move our bodies. Far beyond burning calories, exercise sparks neurochemical and structural changes that shape how we think, feel, and remember. Reviews of recent studies demonstrate that both single exercise sessions and long-term physical activity directly impact brain function and plasticity. What’s happening in your brain? When you exercise, t

Introduction Cancer is a major global public health challenge, claiming approximately 10 million lives in 2020 alone. Over the past decades, cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of cancer treatment, featuring common drugs such as cisplatin, paclitaxel, and methotrexate. While these agents effectively kill tumor cells, their lack of specificity inevitably damages normal tissues, leading to severe side effects that limit clinical application. Balancing therapeutic ef

Once thought to be largely under control, measles is again making headlines around the world. Despite the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, cases are rising in countries that had previously eliminated the disease including Canada, the United States, and across Europe. This resurgence raises critical questions: Why is a vaccine-preventable disease returning? And what can be done to stop its spread? Understanding Measles Measles, also known as rubeola or red

Stem Cells vs. Progenitor Cells: What's Better? The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly progressing and emerging as a promising solution for regaining the normal functioning of organs and tissues. Regenerative medicine works by repairing and regrowing damaged cells, thereby enhancing the regular operation in its targeted area. Regenerative therapy involves the incorporation of specialized cells that can generate new tissues, and to understand this mechanism, it is cruci

Thalassemia – a type of anemia  Anemia is defined as a decrease in Red Blood Cells (RBCs)  counts below normal. Any significant decrease in RBCs, its essential components—hemoglobin or hematocrit—or any combination of these values fall under anemia. The reason for decreased hemoglobin or hematocrit does not matter, whether through iron deficiency, lead poisoning, thalassemia, kidney failure, cancer, or even something as straightforward as blood loss. As a result, common sympt

An   initial   diagnosis   of   cancer   is   likely   very  overwhelming for the patient, but  knowing the stage of the cancer can  tell one critical part of the story: is it a tiny spark on the countertop or has the house started to burn down?   Effective   categorization   of  the stage  of cancer is important for oncologists in assessing   the   seriousness   of   the   disease , and in   determining   the   appropriate   treatments . Types of Staging Systems There are pr

By Nikki Elmi Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare congenital overgrowth disorder characterized by an excessive and disproportionate growth of one or more digits (fingers or toes), and sometimes an entire limb. The overgrowth involves not just adipose (fat) tissue but also other mesenchymal components; bone, nerves, connective tissue, possibly muscles and periosteum. Typically present from birth or early childhood, the disorder often becomes more prominent as the child

When it comes to getting in shape, losing weight, building muscle, and staying in shape, “track your macros” is so 2022. Could there be another way, a better way toward optimal health in 2025? In this article we’ll discuss why it may be time to start trending a new health and wellness phrase: “Step up your peptides.” Peptides? Perhaps you have never heard of peptides. What are  they, and what do they have to do with health and getting into shape? When it comes to our bodies,

What is a heart attack? A heart attack is also known as a Myocardial Infarction. It is due to blockage to the flow of blood that brings oxygen to a part of the heart muscle. If the heart muscle is not fixed quick enough, the heart muscle will begin to die. Affecting factors Age Lifestyle Habits Other medical conditions can be some of the reasons to a heart happening. Symptoms Chest and upper body pain Shortness of breath Dizziness Sweating Nausea (National Heart, Lung and Blo

Drug overdose deaths have dropped nearly 27% in the past year, but drug supply continues to evolve with fentanyl, xylazine, and other threats. This article explains how to recognize an overdose, use naloxone, and support harm reduction strategies during National Recovery Month 2025. Author: Susanna Marrs RN, BSN, CARN

What is Axial Spondyloarthritis? Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints (the joints connecting the lower spine to the pelvis). Unlike typical mechanical back pain, axSpA is driven by immune system dysfunction and inflammation, which can lead to stiffness, chronic pain, and even spinal fusion in severe cases. The condition often starts in early adulthood, typically before age 45, and affects both

By Anne Denk, RN, BSN   People often have a fever when they are sick. A fever is a tool the immune system uses to fight off infection. Neutropenic fever occurs in individuals with a low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are the first cells that attack foreign intruders in the body. They fight off infection. When someone has a low neutrophil count and a fever, it is referred to as “neutropenic fever.” Many things can cause

Among neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) has been the focus of extensive scientific investigation (Chinta & Andersen, 2005). It is synthesised by dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the brain. The primary sources of dopamine in the central nervous system are the midbrain DAergic neurons, which are predominantly located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). It is widely recognised that the DAergic system plays a fundamental role in

Bladder Cancer Tumor (St John's Cancer Institute, 2025) By Sherry Ainsworth, MSN, RN, ARNP You wake up one morning and hit the bathroom as usual. Only, this morning there is something different. You notice that your urine is a light shade of brown, or maybe pink. What on earth could that be? If you’ve ever had a bladder infection before, you might think this is a symptom of another one starting up. However, it could be an early warning of bladder cancer. Cancer is sometimes c

Introduction Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are emerging as the fastest-growing class of novel drugs in oncology. While the concept itself is not new, they are gradually reshaping the landscape of cancer treatment. For lung cancer, the therapeutic landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation over the past decade—evolving from chemotherapy alone to the addition of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Now, ADCs are also becoming a significant new option for lung cancer

Pictured edited from canva Blood cancers are a group of malignancies that begin in the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. Unlike solid tumors, these cancers disrupt the production and function of normal blood cells, weakening the body’s ability to fight infection, transport oxygen, and regulate vital immune responses.   Types of Blood Cancer The three main categories are: Leukemia : Cancer of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnorma

In America today, we know more people are living to an older age. We just heard that Robert Redford died, we will miss him, but we can celebrate that he lived to almost 90. Bobby Hart just died at the age of 86, Giorgio Armani was 91 when he died this month. These men died after living healthy lives. Our population is getting older. In the United States, the life expectancy in 2000 was 76.9 years and in 2024 it had risen to 79.2 years. So, how do we work to make sure those ye