Cluster headaches are a rare but severely painful neurological condition, characterized by intense, burning attacks that occur in cyclical patterns. Often striking like "clockwork" at night, they cause one-sided eye pain, restlessness, and autonomic symptoms. While their cause is unknown, effective treatments like oxygen therapy and prescription injections can provide life-changing relief.

Pain is usually unpleasant, but it serves a critical purpose: it warns us when something is wrong with our bodies. For people with congenital insensitivity (CIP), this warning system doesn't function at all. Individuals with CIP cannot feel physical pain, even from serious injuries such as broken bones, burns, or deep cuts. While this might sound advantageous at first, it often leads to repeated injuries, unnoticed infections, and long-term health problems. Scientists are stu

Among neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) has been the focus of extensive scientific investigation (Chinta & Andersen, 2005). It is synthesised by dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the brain. The primary sources of dopamine in the central nervous system are the midbrain DAergic neurons, which are predominantly located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). It is widely recognised that the DAergic system plays a fundamental role in

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory neurological disease. Around 2.2 million people are affected by this condition globally, and it presents with a wide variety of symptoms. When you have MS, your body’s own defence system, also known as the immune system, mistakenly attacks healthy parts of the nervous system. This causes damage to the protective covering around nerve fibres, or myelin, through a process called demyelination. As a result, the t

Learning is not just a classroom activity; it is a biological process that rewires the brain. Advances in neuroscience have revealed that memory and knowledge acquisition are not passive events, but active, dynamic interactions between neurons, networks, and the environment. Understanding these mechanisms offers powerful lessons for medical education. Memory and the Architecture of Learning At its core, learning depends on synaptic plasticity, the brain’s ability to strengthe

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) is revolutionizing the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, promising earlier detection, better patient stratification, and accelerated drug discovery. Here is a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming Alzheimer’s care in 2025 Early Detection of Alzheimer's Early Diagnosis and Risk Prediction in Alzheimer's AI has enabled the identification of early risk factors by analyzing large-scale patient data—including

What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder, characterized by a person who has recurrent seizures or someone who is at high risk for having more than one seizure. A seizure is a surge in electrical activity in the brain, and it can manifest itself in different ways occuring at any point in time. It is important to note that not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Seizures can happen as a result of a separate medical problem, such as infecti

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which affects the structure of neurons. While there is no known exact cause for multiple sclerosis, there are treatments available to change the course of the disease.

I first heard about PANDAS when I was around ten years old, and to be honest it sounded unreal. The idea that harmless strep throat could spark lasting changes in a child’s behavior felt more like fiction than fact. Yet, for many families, PANDAS is a life-changing reality. What Exactly Is PANDAS? PANDAS stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections. It’s a subset of a broader condition known as PANS ( Pediatric Acute-on

Migraines aren't just bad headaches. For millions of people worldwide, they come with pounding pain, nausea and that dreaded sensitivity to light or sound. While medications can help, many of us want safer, natural options we can add to our routine. So let's break down what really works: from food to lifestyle and supplements when it actually comes to finding relief from chronic migraines. What Triggers Migraines? The first step to relief is figuring out your personal

Neural Implant Overview Neural implants, for the purposes of this article, are medical devices implanted in or near the brain, spinal...

Image showing popular ketamine effects when used. Image courtesy of Embrace Autism (2023). Ketamine is a drug first used as a...

Multilingual Minds: Built for Brilliance From a baby’s first babbling speech to a teenager’s thoughtful conversations, speaking more than...

When we think of insomnia, we often imagine sleepless nights due to stress, anxiety, or poor habits. But Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is...

What is Mad Cow Disease and How is it Caused? Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is a disease that impacts the brain...

We’ve all been there, stuck in bed, scrolling endlessly through TikToks, reels, or online shopping, even when we know we should stop. But...

Healthy Diet Choices Have you ever wondered how someone can make a familiar meal without a recipe? Or why why most of us immediately...

Introduction Mental health is shaped by a mix of our biology, life experiences, and environment. While trauma, stress, and relationships...

One of the most powerful yet underused learning strategies is not reading, re-reading, or even highlighting it's retrieval practice ....

What is Brain Fog?: Brain fog is actually not a medical diagnosis, it’s a well-known term that is used to describe a wide range of...