When people think of bacteria, they often associate them with illness. In reality, trillions of microorganisms naturally live on and inside the human body, forming what is known as the human microbiome. This diverse community includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes that inhabit areas such as the gut, skin, mouth, and respiratory tract. Rather than simply existing alongside us, these microorganisms work together with the body to support many essential functions.

Image Credit: https://int.livhospital.com/how-to-interpret-spirometry-with-bronchodilator-results/ If you've been scheduled for pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry, also known as “reversible bronchodilator testing,” you may wonder why you'll be asked to repeat the breathing test after using an inhaler. This common pulmonary function test helps your healthcare provider evaluate how well your lungs work and whether certain medications improve your breathing. What Is Pre- a

Figure 1:Progression of liver cirrhosis from a healthy liver to chronic hepatic injury and advanced cirrhosis. Chronic inflammatory insults such as viral hepatitis, alcohol misuse, and fatty liver disease lead to repeated hepatocyte injury, fibrosis, distortion of hepatic architecture, reduced hepatic blood flow, and impaired liver function. Image adapted from Swiss Medica Introduction Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver injury characterized by diffuse fibrosis,