What is myocardial infarction?   A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (the myocardium) is suddenly blocked, most often by a blood clot. An MI can sometimes go unnoticed, but it may also lead to severe complications such as hemodynamic deterioration—an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body’s organs—or even death. The primary cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery disease, though genetic factors

Night blindness (nyctalopia) is the inability to see well in dim light or darkness, making daily tasks dangerous. It's not a disease itself, but a symptom of an underlying problem.

Learning is not just a classroom activity; it is a biological process that rewires the brain. Advances in neuroscience have revealed that memory and knowledge acquisition are not passive events, but active, dynamic interactions between neurons, networks, and the environment. Understanding these mechanisms offers powerful lessons for medical education. Memory and the Architecture of Learning At its core, learning depends on synaptic plasticity, the brain’s ability to strengthe

You've just found out that you're pregnant. Congratulations! There are a lot of decisions that you'll have to make in the coming months, but right now one of the most important things to do is to start taking a prenatal supplement if you haven't been taking one already. So you go to the store and look at the over-the-counter items. There are so many different options for prenatal supplements! How are you supposed to choose which one to take? Does it even matter which one you

Photo Credit: Canva Kellie, a 57-year-old, was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes 5 years ago. Her life was changed upon diagnosis. She has to worry about medications, meals, etc. It was a big lifestyle change for her. Her main worry is heart disease risk and hypoglycemia risk. Maggie, a 26-year-old, was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes at the age of 13. She worries about the rising cost of healthcare and medications in the US and the inaccessibility to the people who need them. Th

Introduction Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel class of anticancer drugs that “bundle” targeted antibodies with potent chemotherapeutic agents, delivering them directly to cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells. The first HER2-targeted ADC, trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DM1), received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2013 for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. It gained approval for adjuvant therapy in 2019,

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) is revolutionizing the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, promising earlier detection, better patient stratification, and accelerated drug discovery. Here is a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming Alzheimer’s care in 2025 Early Detection of Alzheimer's Early Diagnosis and Risk Prediction in Alzheimer's AI has enabled the identification of early risk factors by analyzing large-scale patient data—including

Have you ever felt drunk but swear you didn't have a single drink? Symptoms such as brain fog, mood changes, clumsiness, impaired judgement, drowsiness, dizziness, delayed reaction time, reduced inhibitions, to more significant ones such as loss of balance, confusion, slurred speech, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, fainting or even seizures could be related to Auto-Brewery Syndrome (ABS). The Curious Case of Auto Brewery Syndrome - The Checkup What is Auto-Brewery Syndro

There are tons of skincare trends constantly popping up on social media, many of these trends tend to be costly, and sometimes leave you wondering if they really work as well as you're being told. Skin Cycling is different, and I'll explain how! What is Skin Cycling? Skin cycling is a skincare technique that is all about rotating the use of active ingredients to maximize their benefits while minimizing irritation. How it works? To start skin cycling, you must stick to a skin

What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder, characterized by a person who has recurrent seizures or someone who is at high risk for having more than one seizure. A seizure is a surge in electrical activity in the brain, and it can manifest itself in different ways occuring at any point in time. It is important to note that not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Seizures can happen as a result of a separate medical problem, such as infecti

ACP-319 Report-Drug and Patient use and information Age group Adults: aged 18 and over. ( ClinicalTrials.gov ,2022) Drug action The PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-pathway is a cellular signalling pathway, that regulates cell proliferation and growth but overstimulating growth of these cells can cause cancer/tumours, such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). (Uko, Guner, Matesic and Bowen, 2020). ACP-319 is a PI3K Inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the progression of thi

Abstract Current insights and trends in early-onset Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes (T2D), once considered a disease of older adults, is increasingly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. This trend poses significant clinical and public health challenges, including early onset complications, psychosocial impacts, and health system strain. This article explores the drivers behind the rise of early-onset T2D, current management challenges, and the need for innovative preve

Understanding Peanut Allergy and the Role of Palforzia   Peanut allergy affects 1-2% of people in the United States, making it one of the most common food allergies (1). This happens when the immune system mistakes proteins in peanuts for harmful substances. When this occurs, the body releases chemicals that trigger allergic reactions, which can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis (2).   Peanuts are legumes, not tree nuts, and are related to soybeans, pea

Chronic renal failure is a disease where one's kidneys are no longer functioning optimally. This condition happens in stages as the functionality of the kidneys drops and decreases over time. Chronic renal failure is also referred to as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic kidney failure. What do kidneys do? Our bodies naturally have two kidneys, one on the left and one on the right side in our upper abdomen. They have a bean-shaped form. Kidneys are located towards the ba

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which affects the structure of neurons. While there is no known exact cause for multiple sclerosis, there are treatments available to change the course of the disease.

Every 40 seconds, someone in the United States has a heart attack or stroke. Yet the most remarkable fact about heart disease is this: more than 80% of premature heart disease and strokes are preventable. Despite this, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming more lives each year than all cancers combined. Why is there such a gap between what we know and what we do? The answer lies in how our healthcare system, and often individuals themse

By: Jessica Chhoy Kidneys: Your kidneys are a crucial organ as they work to filter blood and remove waste from your body. Without properly functioning kidneys, it can lead to us feeling sick and unwell. This is when kidney failure can arise. Kidney failure is when one or both of the kidneys cannot function on their own. Most people have 2 kidneys, but they can live with 1 kidney if it functions perfectly well. Kidney Failure Symptoms: Fatigue Nausea Confusion Swelling (edema)

Introduction In the fields of medical research and drug development, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have long been regarded as the most robust method for evaluating drug efficacy and safety. However, RCTs often have limitations: they are typically conducted under strictly controlled conditions with relatively homogeneous study populations, which do not fully align with the complex and diverse patient scenarios encountered in the real world. Therefore, relying solely on R

Gestational hypertension is characterized by blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mmHg. It increases risks for both the baby and the mother, such as preterm birth, organ damage, and placental abruption. The diagnosis is made when symptoms such as headaches, swelling, and vision changes are accompanied by blood pressure readings consistently at 140/90 mmHg or higher. Gestational hypertension affects 8-10% of all pregnancies. Studies show that hypertension disorders c

By Sarah Bersey BSc (hons) Pg Dip. Osteoarthritis  normally affects older people. In the UK, it is the fastest growing cause of disability. Obesity is a major risk factor, although osteoarthritis may run in families or can develop as a result of injury. (BDA 2025).  The effects experienced by sufferers can be seen below: https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/seo-graphic-content-initiative/eh-how-osteoarthritis-affects-the-body-seo-graphics.png?w=1110   It’s a  disease  wh