In today’s fast-moving world of medicine, it’s no surprise that laboratories are beginning to reshape the way we think about blood transfusions. One of the most exciting steps in this direction is the RESTORE study —a clinical trial that, for the first time, transfused red blood cells grown entirely in a lab into human volunteers. Unlike traditional transfusions, this experiment used cells generated from adult stem cells, creating a small but history-making “mini-transfusion.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a well-known, life-threatening emergency complication most commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, though it may also occur in type 2 diabetes. This dangerous condition is characterized by marked hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and elevated plasma ketones. Treatment involves intravenous fluids, insulin therapy, and careful electrolyte replacement.   Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors  and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) rec

Introduction What if treating cancer could be as simple as taking a pill — but not just any pill, a smart pill  that travels through your body, locates the tumor, and delivers medication exactly where it’s needed? This vision is becoming more realistic as researchers develop capsule-targeted drug delivery systems , designed to improve treatment outcomes while reducing side effects. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which circulates through the entire body and often causes unwa

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory neurological disease. Around 2.2 million people are affected by this condition globally, and it presents with a wide variety of symptoms. When you have MS, your body’s own defence system, also known as the immune system, mistakenly attacks healthy parts of the nervous system. This causes damage to the protective covering around nerve fibres, or myelin, through a process called demyelination. As a result, the t

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Dr. John B. Gurdon and Dr. Shinya Yamanaka for discovering transcription factors that can turn adult cells back into embryonic cells. (1) During the 1990s and 2000s there was a great deal of controversy over the fact that human embryos were required for stem cell research. Scientists were using (destroying) surplus embryos created by in vitro fertilization (IVF). (2, 3) Many found this unacceptable. Dr. Shinya Yamanaka told The

Illustration of a comparison of skin in ( A ) healthy patients, ( B ) early HS patients, and ( C ) advanced HS patients, displaying an increase in inflammation and lesion formation in HS ( B and C ) What is Hydradenitis Suppurativa (HS): Hydradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory disease which causes formation of nodules, abscesses, ulcers, excessive scarring, and inflamed sinus tracts (a.k.a tunnels). Lesions are primarily found in the axillae, the groin, the inframam

What is myocardial infarction?   A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (the myocardium) is suddenly blocked, most often by a blood clot. An MI can sometimes go unnoticed, but it may also lead to severe complications such as hemodynamic deterioration—an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body’s organs—or even death. The primary cause of myocardial infarction is coronary artery disease, though genetic factors

Night blindness (nyctalopia) is the inability to see well in dim light or darkness, making daily tasks dangerous. It's not a disease itself, but a symptom of an underlying problem.

Learning is not just a classroom activity; it is a biological process that rewires the brain. Advances in neuroscience have revealed that memory and knowledge acquisition are not passive events, but active, dynamic interactions between neurons, networks, and the environment. Understanding these mechanisms offers powerful lessons for medical education. Memory and the Architecture of Learning At its core, learning depends on synaptic plasticity, the brain’s ability to strengthe

You've just found out that you're pregnant. Congratulations! There are a lot of decisions that you'll have to make in the coming months, but right now one of the most important things to do is to start taking a prenatal supplement if you haven't been taking one already. So you go to the store and look at the over-the-counter items. There are so many different options for prenatal supplements! How are you supposed to choose which one to take? Does it even matter which one you

Photo Credit: Canva Kellie, a 57-year-old, was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes 5 years ago. Her life was changed upon diagnosis. She has to worry about medications, meals, etc. It was a big lifestyle change for her. Her main worry is heart disease risk and hypoglycemia risk. Maggie, a 26-year-old, was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes at the age of 13. She worries about the rising cost of healthcare and medications in the US and the inaccessibility to the people who need them. Th

Introduction Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel class of anticancer drugs that “bundle” targeted antibodies with potent chemotherapeutic agents, delivering them directly to cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells. The first HER2-targeted ADC, trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DM1), received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2013 for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. It gained approval for adjuvant therapy in 2019,

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) is revolutionizing the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, promising earlier detection, better patient stratification, and accelerated drug discovery. Here is a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming Alzheimer’s care in 2025 Early Detection of Alzheimer's Early Diagnosis and Risk Prediction in Alzheimer's AI has enabled the identification of early risk factors by analyzing large-scale patient data—including

Have you ever felt drunk but swear you didn't have a single drink? Symptoms such as brain fog, mood changes, clumsiness, impaired judgement, drowsiness, dizziness, delayed reaction time, reduced inhibitions, to more significant ones such as loss of balance, confusion, slurred speech, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, fainting or even seizures could be related to Auto-Brewery Syndrome (ABS). The Curious Case of Auto Brewery Syndrome - The Checkup What is Auto-Brewery Syndro

There are tons of skincare trends constantly popping up on social media, many of these trends tend to be costly, and sometimes leave you wondering if they really work as well as you're being told. Skin Cycling is different, and I'll explain how! What is Skin Cycling? Skin cycling is a skincare technique that is all about rotating the use of active ingredients to maximize their benefits while minimizing irritation. How it works? To start skin cycling, you must stick to a skin

What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder, characterized by a person who has recurrent seizures or someone who is at high risk for having more than one seizure. A seizure is a surge in electrical activity in the brain, and it can manifest itself in different ways occuring at any point in time. It is important to note that not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Seizures can happen as a result of a separate medical problem, such as infecti

ACP-319 Report-Drug and Patient use and information Age group Adults: aged 18 and over. ( ClinicalTrials.gov ,2022) Drug action The PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-pathway is a cellular signalling pathway, that regulates cell proliferation and growth but overstimulating growth of these cells can cause cancer/tumours, such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). (Uko, Guner, Matesic and Bowen, 2020). ACP-319 is a PI3K Inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the progression of thi

Abstract Current insights and trends in early-onset Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes (T2D), once considered a disease of older adults, is increasingly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. This trend poses significant clinical and public health challenges, including early onset complications, psychosocial impacts, and health system strain. This article explores the drivers behind the rise of early-onset T2D, current management challenges, and the need for innovative preve

Understanding Peanut Allergy and the Role of Palforzia   Peanut allergy affects 1-2% of people in the United States, making it one of the most common food allergies (1). This happens when the immune system mistakes proteins in peanuts for harmful substances. When this occurs, the body releases chemicals that trigger allergic reactions, which can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis (2).   Peanuts are legumes, not tree nuts, and are related to soybeans, pea

Chronic renal failure is a disease where one's kidneys are no longer functioning optimally. This condition happens in stages as the functionality of the kidneys drops and decreases over time. Chronic renal failure is also referred to as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic kidney failure. What do kidneys do? Our bodies naturally have two kidneys, one on the left and one on the right side in our upper abdomen. They have a bean-shaped form. Kidneys are located towards the ba