Sana, a 28-year-old marketing executive, felt a mild headache after a long day at work. Without thinking much, she grabbed an OTC painkiller from the corner store. ‘It’s just a headache,’ she thought. But over the next few days, she started experiencing stomach cramps, dizziness, and fatigue that interfered with her meetings and workouts. “I didn’t think an OTC pill could do this,” she admitted. She isn’t alone. Millions of people treat OTC medications as harmless quick fixe

Introduction What if treating cancer could be as simple as taking a pill — but not just any pill, a smart pill  that travels through your body, locates the tumor, and delivers medication exactly where it’s needed? This vision is becoming more realistic as researchers develop capsule-targeted drug delivery systems , designed to improve treatment outcomes while reducing side effects. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which circulates through the entire body and often causes unwa

Introduction Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel class of anticancer drugs that “bundle” targeted antibodies with potent chemotherapeutic agents, delivering them directly to cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells. The first HER2-targeted ADC, trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DM1), received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2013 for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. It gained approval for adjuvant therapy in 2019,

ACP-319 Report-Drug and Patient use and information Age group Adults: aged 18 and over. ( ClinicalTrials.gov ,2022) Drug action The PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-pathway is a cellular signalling pathway, that regulates cell proliferation and growth but overstimulating growth of these cells can cause cancer/tumours, such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). (Uko, Guner, Matesic and Bowen, 2020). ACP-319 is a PI3K Inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the progression of thi

Understanding Peanut Allergy and the Role of Palforzia   Peanut allergy affects 1-2% of people in the United States, making it one of the most common food allergies (1). This happens when the immune system mistakes proteins in peanuts for harmful substances. When this occurs, the body releases chemicals that trigger allergic reactions, which can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis (2).   Peanuts are legumes, not tree nuts, and are related to soybeans, pea

This Photo  by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY By Jennifer Navarro MSN, RN, NPD-BC What is pain? Pain is described as an uncomfortable feeling—both physical and emotional—that can happen when your body is hurt or healing, or even when there’s a risk of injury. It’s a personal experience, and only you know how it feels to you. According to the American Pain Society pain is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tis

Chemical structure of atorvastatin, showing functional groups such as -OH and -COOH and fluorophenyl groups. Image courtesy of DrugBank [1]. Pharmacies are equipped for prescribing hundreds of types of drugs to the public, but their most frequently prescribed drug in countries like England and the USA, is none other than atorvastatin. Atorvastatin belongs to the statin class of drugs, which essentially helps lower cholesterol that is made inside your body. Cholesterol is made

Ordering prescriptions online has become more common than ever. For many people, online pharmacies offer lower prices, greater convenience, and the comfort of home delivery. But with those benefits come important questions about safety, legality, and quality. Here’s what you should know before filling your prescriptions online. Are Online Pharmacies Safe? The short answer: some are, and some aren’t. Licensed online pharmacies follow the same safety rules as your local pharmac

Emma woke up with a sore throat and a mild fever. A friend told her, “I have some antibiotics left from last time, take them, you’ll feel better fast.” Trusting the advice, Emma took the pills without a doctor’s prescription. What she didn’t realize was that her sore throat was most likely caused by a virus, which antibiotics cannot treat. This small choice, repeated by millions worldwide, is adding fuel to one of the greatest health challenges of our time. A hand holding a h

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Introduction In January 1922, a 13-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson received the world’s first insulin injection.  After a month spent...

Legal marijuana use was first introduced to the US when California legalized it for medical use in 1996. Since then, many other states...

One of the biggest goals and focuses in medicine has always been drug discovery. How can we effectively identify molecules or chemicals...