There are trillions of tiny organisms living inside your gut right now—and they may be influencing your emotions more than you think. Section 1: What Is the Microbiome? Microbes are tiny living things that are usually too small to see without a microscope. They can be found everywhere on Earth and living inside our bodies. Main Types of Microbes Bacteria: Single-celled organisms with no nucleus that live almost everywhere. Viruses: Tiny infectious agents that need a host cell

By Kristine Burneko, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-BC, APHN-BC Introduction Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines the tridirectional interaction of psychological processes, neurological activity, and immune function. Within clinical practice, PNI provides the mechanistic foundation for mind–body medicine, an evidence-based approach that complements conventional biomedical care by enhancing psychophysiological regulation and response to concurrent treatmen