What Is Hammertoe? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Tips

Definition

Hammertoe is common condition that affects the second, third, or fourth toes. It occurs when the toe bends downward at the middle joint, causing the tip of the toe point toward the floor. This bent shape makes the toe look similar to a hammer (1). Hammertoe develops because of muscle imbalances in the foot that pull the toe into this position (2). It is more common in older adults and tends to occur more often in women (2).

Causes

Several factors can contribute to the development of hammertoe. Wearing tight or narrow shoes is a common cause, since this type of footwear presses on the toes and forces them to bend downward (1). Genetics can also play a role, as some people inherit a foot shape or structure that increases the risk. Other foot problems, including bunions, arthritis, flat feet, or long metatarsal bones, may lead to hammertoe as well. Medical conditions such as diabetes, as well as disorders that affect the nerves and muscles in the foot—such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and rheumatoid arthritis—can also contribute to the development of hammertoe (2).

Symptoms

Hammertoe can cause pain or discomfort in the affected toe, along with redness or swelling around the joint (2, 3). Over time, corns, calluses, or blisters may form where the toe rubs against shoes. Many people have difficulty walking or wearing certain types of footwear. These symptoms usually develop gradually, often starting as mild irritation and becoming more noticeable as the toe becomes more rigid and the deformity worsens (2).

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider can diagnose hammertoe by taking a medical history, performing a physical examination, and sometimes ordering imaging studies. The doctor will ask about symptoms, when they started, and any contributing factors such as footwear habits or medical conditions. During the exam, the provider will observe the position of the toes and how the foot functions when walking. In some cases, X-rays are used to look at the bones and joints in more detail and to identify any related foot deformities (1).

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the severity and flexibility of the deformity. Non-surgical treatments often help in the early stages. These approaches can include wearing shoes with a wide toe box to reduce pressure, using pads or cushions to protect sore areas, taping or strapping the toe to keep it in a more neutral position, and performing exercises to stretch and strengthen the toe muscles (3). Examples of exercises include gently straightening the toe by hand, picking up small objects with the toes, and scrunching a towel on the floor using the toes (3). If non-surgical measures are not effective or if the toe becomes very stiff and painful, surgery may be recommended. Surgical procedures can involve removing a small part of bone to straighten the toe or adjusting tendons to improve muscle balance (2, 3).

Prevention

Preventing hammertoe involves wearing footwear that fits properly and has enough room in the toe area. Avoiding high heels or shoes that squeeze the toes together can also help. Regular toe and foot stretching exercises may maintain flexibility and strength. Paying attention to early signs of discomfort or changes in toe position and addressing them promptly can prevent the condition from becoming more severe.

Conclusion

Hammertoes are a common condition that can cause pain, affect how you walk, and cause problems with footwear. Early diagnosis and treatment can help relieve symptoms and prevent the deformity from worsening over time. Wearing supportive shoes and maintaining foot strength and flexibility are important steps to protect against hammertoe and keep your feet healthy.

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References

1.     Harvard Health Publishing. Hammertoe. Harvard Health. Published 2021. Accessed August 6, 2025. https://www.health.harvard.edu/hammertoe

2.     Goransson M, Constant D. Hammertoe. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

3.     American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Hammer Toe: Comprehensive Guide. OrthoInfo. Published 2025. Accessed August 6, 2025. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/hammer-toe/

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