GLP-1 in Focus: Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Side Effects

Heather Armstrong DNP, AGACNP-BC

Understanding GLP-1: What It Is and How It Works

Glucagon-like peptide-1 or GLP-1, is a hormone naturally produced in the gut that plays a key role in regulating blood sugar and appetite. Medications, such as semaglutide and liraglutide, have been developed to mimic the effect of these hormones. These medications have been beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and, more recently, to support weight loss. These drugs work by stimulating insulin release, reducing glucagon secretion, and slowing gastric emptying, contributing to better glycemic control and reduced hunger.

GLP-1 medications have gained traction due to their effectiveness in aiding weight loss, improving cardiovascular health, and managing obesity. They have been made popular by the combined metabolic and appetite-suppressing benefits in clinical settings as well as the health and wellness arena. For optimal benefits, it is essential to recognize that this medication works best in conjunction with proper medical guidance and lifestyle modifications.

Potential Side Effects/Adverse Reactions

While these medications work well for their intended purpose in diabetes and weight loss, they can come with a list of side effects. Some can be significant and impact quality of life and sometimes cause discontinuation of the medication. Because this medication acts on hormones in the gut, it makes sense that many of its side effects are related to gut issues. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, heartburn/indigestion are common side effects related to the gut. Other common side effects are fatigue, dizziness, headache, and injection site reactions.

More serious side effects include gallbladder problems, such as gallstones, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), kidney damage (likely related to severe dehydration), and gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying).

The Role of Mindset and Lifestyle In Maximizing Success

For optimal success with GLP-1 medications, it is important to understand that long-term benefit depends on adopting the right mindset and making lifestyle changes that are sustainable. These medications are not a quick fix but a tool to help curb cravings and jumpstart weight loss so that the user can gain long-term success. Implementing lifestyle changes can also help with minimizing bothersome side effects.

Individuals can be empowered to build healthier habits by establishing goals, tracking progress, and practicing mindful eating. Lifestyle changes will help to maintain weight loss once the medication is discontinued.

Practical Tips for Getting the Most Out Of GLP-1 Treatment

Use the acronym MEAL to help guide your treatment and maximize benefits while reducing side effects. Always follow closely with your health care provider while on GLP-1 medications.

M: Muscle maintenance: Ensure that the weight you are losing is not in muscle with a goal to consume 1.0 to 1.5 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, or 0.55 grams of protein per pound of body weight. Aim for 20-30 grams of protein per meal. Good sources of protein include fish, chickpeas, tofu or beans. While whole foods are the best source for protein, consider protein shakes if you have a decreased appetite.

E: Energy Balance: manage reduced appetite and maintain energy by eating small, frequent meals or snacks. Energy boosting snack options include unsweetened yogurt (many brands now contain extra protein), fruit, and nuts. Avoid refined grains and choose slow-digesting carbohydrates (sweet potatoes or oatmeal) and promote satiety with health fats such as olive or avocado oil.

A: Avoid side effects: digestive issues are the biggest side effects of GLP-1 medications. Nausea can be managed by avoiding high-fat or spicy foods. Eat smaller portions to help with nausea and heartburn. Constipation is best managed with increased fiber intake, proper hydration, and exercise.

L: Liquid intake: It is important to prevent dehydration while on GLP-1 medications. Dehydration is a potential side effect of this medication, which can lead to more serious problems such as kidney damage. Drinking 8-12 cups, or 2-3 liters of water daily should be the goal. Use a water bottle to sip from frequently and include water-rich foods such as cucumbers and watermelon. It is best to minimize alcohol and caffeine products as they promote water loss and could worsen dehydration.

References:

Drucker, D. J. (2024). Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 medicines for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes Care, 47(11), 1873–1888. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci24-0003

Mehrtash, F., Dushay, J., & Manson, J. E. (2025). Integrating diet and physical activity when prescribing GLP-1s—Lifestyle factors remain crucial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 185(7), 837–838. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2836533

Neff, T. (2025, May 19). Nutrition is vital when taking GLP-1 weight loss drugs. UCHealth. https://www.uchealth.org/today/nutrition-vital-when-taking-glp-1-weight-loss-drugs/

Yao, H., Liu, J., Li, L., Du, Y., Wang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024). Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ, 385, 076410. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076410

Assessed and Endorsed by the MedReport Medical Review Board