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Cervical Screening: A Key to Preventing Cervical Cancer


Cervical cancer occurs when the cells on the cervix undergo abnormal changes, often developing into precancerous or cancerous cells. The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact.


HPV and the Role of Vaccination

Thanks to medical advances, a publicly funded HPV vaccine is now widely available in many countries. This vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by protecting against the most high-risk HPV strains. However, while the vaccine is a powerful preventative tool, routine cervical screening remains essential for those who are vaccinated and unvaccinated alike. The vaccine does not cover all cancer-causing strains of HPV, and screening ensures early detection of cellular changes before they develop into cancer.


Cervical Screening: An Evolving Approach

Until recently, the Pap test (or Pap smear) was the standard method for cervical screening. It involved collecting a sample of cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to detect abnormalities. However, recent advances in medical guidelines and technology have led many countries to replace the Pap test with a more sensitive cervical screening test known as the primary HPV test.


This newer screening test still involves collecting a small sample of cells from the cervix, typically using a soft brush during a pelvic exam. But instead of looking directly for abnormal cells, the sample is now tested specifically for the presence of high-risk HPV types. If HPV is detected, further analysis is conducted to assess whether any cellular changes are present.

This change improves the accuracy of screening, allowing for earlier and more reliable detection of individuals at risk.


Why Cervical Screening is Important

Early-stage cervical changes often have no symptoms, which makes regular screening critical. Detecting abnormal cells early allows for prompt treatment that can prevent the development of cervical cancer. In many cases, precancerous changes can be treated quickly and effectively with minimal intervention.


According to the World Health Organization, widespread screening programs have contributed significantly to the reduction in cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, particularly in high-income countries. Where such programs are not in place, cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women.


When Should Cervical Screening Start?

The recommended age to start cervical screening varies by country, based on national health policies and population risk profiles. Common practices include:

  • Starting screening at age 25 or 30

  • Repeating the test every 5 years, as the HPV test is more sensitive and reliable than the older Pap test

  • Ending routine screening around age 65, provided previous results have been consistently normal


Why Not Test Earlier?

Testing before age 25 is generally not recommended for several reasons:

  • HPV infections are very common in younger individuals but are often cleared naturally by the immune system without intervention.

  • Abnormal results in younger women may lead to unnecessary treatments and anxiety, despite being unlikely to progress to cancer.

  • Screening too early may result in overdiagnosis and overtreatment, which can carry physical and emotional side effects.


Education, vaccination, and access to regular screening are the pillars of cervical cancer prevention. By understanding the importance of cervical testing and adhering to recommended screening schedules, individuals can take control of their health and reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer.


References

©2025 by The MedReport Foundation, a Washington state non-profit organization operating under the UBI 605-019-306

 

​​The information provided by the MedReport Foundation is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The MedReport Foundation's resources are solely for informational, educational, and entertainment purposes. Always seek professional care from a licensed provider for any emergency or medical condition. 
 

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